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| web browsers. |
A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. Aninformation resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.Hyperlinks present
in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related
resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on theInternet.
Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.
The major web browsers are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.
History
The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee. It was called WorldWideWeb(no spaces) and was later renamed Nexus.
In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreesen with the release of Mosaic(later Netscape),
"the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web
system easy to use and more accessible to the average person.
Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. These are
the two major milestones in the history of the Web.
The introduction of the NCSA Mosaic web browser in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use.Marc Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).
Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995 (also heavily influenced by Mosaic), initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.
Opera debuted
in 1996; although it has never achieved widespread use, having less
than 1% browser usage share as of February 2009 according to Net
Applications, having grown to 2.14 in April 2011 its Opera-mini version
has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.11 % of overall
browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.
In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage
of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004,
Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7.4% of browser use. As of August
2011, Firefox has a 27.7% usage share.
Apple's Safari had
its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it has a
dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over
7.15% of the entire browser market.
The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Google's Chrome,
first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased
significantly year on year, by doubling its usage share from 7.7 percent
to 15.5 percent by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at
the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease
from month to month.
Function
The primary purpose of a web browser is to bring information resources to the user. This process begins when the user inputs a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), for examplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/,
into the browser. The prefix of the URL determines how the URL will be
interpreted. The most commonly used kind of URI starts with http: and identifies a resource to be retrieved over the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Many browsers also support a variety of other prefixes, such as https: for HTTPS, ftp: for the File Transfer Protocol, and file: for
local files. Prefixes that the web browser cannot directly handle are
often handed off to another application entirely. For example, mailto: URIs are usually passed to the user's default e-mail application, and news: URIs are passed to the user's default newsgroup reader.
In the case of http, https, file, and others, once the resource has been retrieved the web browser will display it. HTML is passed to the browser's layout engine to be transformed frommarkup to
an interactive document. Aside from HTML, web browsers can generally
display any kind of content that can be part of a web page. Most
browsers can display images, audio, video, and XML files, and often have plug-ins to support Flash applications and Java applets.
Upon encountering a file of an unsupported type or a file that is set
up to be downloaded rather than displayed, the browser prompts the user
to save the file to disk.
Information resources may contain hyperlinks to
other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource
to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource
indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content
to the user begins again.
Features
Available
web browsers range in features from minimal, text-based user interfaces
with bare-bones support for HTML to rich user interfaces supporting a
wide variety of file formats and protocols. Browsers which include
additional components to support e-mail, Usenet news, and Internet Relay Chat (IRC), are sometimes referred to as "Internet suites" rather than merely "web browsers".
All
major web browsers allow the user to open multiple information
resources at the same time, either in different browser windows or in
different tabs of the same window. Major browsers also include pop-up blockers to prevent unwanted windows from "popping up" without the user's consent.
Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmarks" and behave like a folder of bookmarks corresponding to recent entries in the feed. In Opera, a more traditional feed reader is included which stores and displays the contents of the feed.
Furthermore, most browsers can be extended via plug-ins, downloadable components that provide additional features.
User interface
Most major web browsers have these user interface elements in common:
- Back and forward buttons to go back to the previous resource and forward respectively.
- A refresh or reload button to reload the current resource.
- A stop button to cancel loading the resource. In some browsers, the stop button is merged with the reload button.
- A home button to return to the user's home page.
- An address bar to input the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) of the desired resource and display it.
- A search bar to input terms into a search engine. In some browsers, the search bar is merged with the address bar.
- A status bar to display progress in loading the resource and also the URI of links when the cursor hovers over them, and page zooming capability.
Major browsers also possess incremental find features to search within a web page.
Privacy and security
Most browsers support HTTP Secure and offer quick and easy ways to delete the web cache, cookies, and browsing history. For a comparison of the current security vulnerabilities of browsers, see comparison of web browsers.
Standards support
Early
web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid
development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of
non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with
interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of
standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.
Extensibility
A browser extension is a computer program that extends the functionality of a web browser. Every major web browser supports the development of browser extensions.
taken from en.wikipedia.org by some editing by the editor.
E-MAIL
Cara Mudah Membuat E-Mail
 |
Cara buat email –
Bukan hal biasa lagi tentang email, email merupakan layanan surat
elektronik (elektronik mail) melalui jejaring internet dengan gratis.
Biasanya jika kita mengirim surat lewat pos kan berbayar, sedangkan jika
lewat email itu gratis. Untuk isi email sendiri kita dapat mengisinya
berbentuk tulisan atau media (foto, video, software dll). Selain cara
mengunakannya mudah atau praktis, email juga termasuk efisien dan cepat.
Surat elektronik (email) sudah ada sejak tahun 1960an saat itu belum
ada internet, lalu pakai apa? Yang dipakai adalah kumpulan ‘mainframe’
yang terbentuk sebagai jaringan.
Namun
seiring berkembangnya zaman sampai saat ini email sudah dilengkapi
fasilitas chat untuk mempermudah berkomunikasi dengan teman. Selain itu
email juga berguna saat kita mendaftar dalam sebuah jejaring internet
terkadang kita disuruh melengkapi alamat emailnya. Hal tersebut di
tujukan agar dari pihak yang anda daftar dapat mengirim surat kepada
anda. Hampir setiap orang memiliki alamat email untuk mempermudah
mengirim surat. Nah untuk kali ini kami akan membahas bagaimana cara
membuat email tersebut, namun kami akan membahas cara membuat email dari
yahoo.
Yahoo
Awlanya
yahoo merupakan mesin pencari seperti halnya google, yahoo juga memberi
fasilitas layanan email untuk umum. Untuk awalnya sebaiknya anda
membuka alamat ke id.yahoo.com (untuk wilayah indonesia). Nah jika sudah
terbuka klik tulisan ‘Buat Account’ yang terdapat di bawah SIGN IN.
Untuk tampilannya akan seperti ini.
Nah
jika anda sudah mengakses buat account nanti anda akan di tujukan ke
pengisian data diri anda pada kolom-kolom yang tersedia. Untuk data diri
pertama yaitu nama lengkap, jenis kelamin, tanggal lahir dan negara
tinggal. Isi semua data tersebut sesuai data diri anda, untuk
tampilannya seperti ini.
Jika
kolom data diri/yang diatas sudah anda isi semua selanjutnya mengisi
bagian pilihan ID dan kata sandi. Untuk yang satu ini tidak terpatok
pada data diri anda, namun anda bis mengisinya sesuka anda. Untuk yang
pertama alamat email, isi bagian tersebut dengan nama sesuka anda (ini
untuk alamat email anda nantinya) lalu klik ‘periksa’ di bagian
sampingnya. Jika keluar tulisan merah ‘ID ini tidak tersedia’ tandanya
alamat tersebut sudah digunakan orang lain, namun di bawahnya akan
muncul solusi untuk nama alamat anda dan klik salah satunya. Selanjutnya
anda disuruh mengisi kata sandi anda, upayakan kata sandi tersebut
mudah di ingat namun jangan sampai orang lain tahu. Lalu isikan kata
sandi lagi di bawahnya hingga benar-benar cocok (sama).
Untuk
kolom yang selanjutnya yaitu pengisian pertanyan rahasia agar jika kata
sandi di atas lupa maka anda dpat masuk email anda melalui pertanyaan
rahasia ini. Anda bisa mengisinya sesuka anda namun 2 pertanyaan rahasia
tersebut harus diisi, sebaiknya diisi yang mudah diingat saja.
Yang
terakhir yaitu pengisian kode kata/captcha yang akan muncul di bagian
kolom tersebut. Ketikkan kode di ‘Ketik kode yang ditampilkan’ maksudnya
ketikkan kode kata yang muncul di atasnya tersebut. Jika susah untuk di
baca sebaiknya klik ‘coba kode baru’ nanti akan muncul kode baru. Kalau
sudah terisi semua lalu klik ‘buat account saya’, nah jika sudah
terbuka lalu klik tulisan ‘lanjutkan’.
Jika
anda sudah klik lanjutkan maka tampilannya akan seperti dibawah ini,
anda tinggal klik ‘lanjutkan’ lagi untuk masuk ke akun anda. Sebaiknya
data dari pengisian yang di atas ditulis dan disimpan untuk
mengantisipasi jika terjadi masalah. Sebab untuk masuk akun email anda
harus menggunakan alamat email dan kata sandi.
Agar
mempermudah anda dalam menggunakan layanan email ini kami akan berikan
beberapa cara dan fungsi yang ada. Untuk cara kelur atau menutup akun
email anda klik tombol ‘sign out’ yang berada di atas, penampakannya
seperti ini:
Jika
untuk masuk ke akun email anda, seperti awal yaitu masuk dulu ke
id.yahoo.com jika sudah terbuka, tulis alamat email anda di ‘ID yahoo’
dan ketik pula di bawahnya kata sandinya di ‘kata sandi’, jika sudah
terisi kedua-duanya tinggal klik ‘sign in’. Untuk gambarnya seperti ini:
Anda
sudah mempelajari bagaimana keluar dan masuk akun dengan baik agar akun
email anda tidak di hack orang lain. Sekarang mempelajari cara
penggunaannya, untuk langkah awal jika anda sudah masuk ke akun nanti
akan di beri pilihan seperti dibawah ini. Untuk pilihan ‘apa yang baru’
itu adalah layanan dari yahoo yang baru, untuk ‘email masuk’ itu untuk
pesan yang masuk, untuk ‘kontak’ itu daftar kontak anda sedangkan
‘update’ merupakan layanan yang dapat anda gunakan untuk update status
dari twitter, facebook dan YM (yahoo messenger).
Jika
anda klik ‘tulis pesan’ maka akan muncul tiga opsi meliputi email,
pesan instan dan sms. Semua layanan tersebut dapat anda gunakan secara
gratis.
Untuk
opsi ‘email’ nanti penampakannya seperti dibawah ini, jika anda bingung
menggunakannya kami akan berikan penjelasannya. Untuk email yang akan
dituju sebaiknya ketik alamat di ‘kepada’, sedangkan judul tulis
judulnya pada kolom ‘judul’ sedangkan untuk isi surat dapat anda isi di
bawah.
Untuk
opsi ‘pesan instan’ anda dapat menggunakan layanan ini untuk pesan
singkat seperti sms kepada teman anda, namun anda harus mengisi alamat
email yang dituju dulu baru dapat melanjutkannya. Untuk penampakannya
seperti ini :
Sedangkan
untuk opsi ‘SMS’ dapat anda gunakan untuk mengirim sms ke nomor telefon
yang dituju dan termasuk gratis juga. Sebelumnya anda akan disuruh
mengetik nomor yang anda tuju baru anda dapat mengirim pesan SMS
tersebut.
Diambil dari http://afghanaus.com/cara-buat-email/ dengan perubahan seperlunya.
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